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Burntisland ( , )〔(The Online Scots Dictionary )〕 is a royal burgh and parish in Fife, Scotland, on the shore of the Firth of Forth. According to the 2011 census, the town has a population of 6,269. It is known locally for its sandy Blue Flag beach, the 15th-century Rossend Castle, and its traditional summer fair and Highland games day. To the north of the town a hill called the Binn is a landmark of the Fife coastline; a volcanic plug, it rises 193 m (632 ft) above sea level. ==History== Early evidence of human activity in this area has been found in rock carvings on the Binn, thought to be about 4,000 years old. The Roman commander Agricola used the natural harbour and set up camp at the nearby Dunearn Hill in AD 83. The earliest historical record of the town was in the 12th century, when the monks of Dunfermline Abbey owned the harbour and neighbouring lands.〔Lamont-Brown ''Fife in History and Legend'' p.71〕 The settlement was known as ''Wester Kinghorn'' and developed as a fishing hamlet to provide food for the inhabitants of Rossend Castle.〔Burntisland Fishing Port p5〕 The harbour was then sold to James V by the abbots of Dunfermline Abbey in exchange for a parcel of land.〔 The land was granted royal burgh status by James V in 1541.〔 When the status was confirmed in 1586, the settlement gained independence from the barony of Kinghorn and was renamed Burntisland,〔 possibly a nickname from the burning of fishermens' huts on an islet now incorporated into the docks. The town became so well established that a new church known as St Columba's was built in 1592.〔Wilson ''Old Burntisland'' p.3〕 This was the first new parish church built in Scotland after the Reformation. It is a unique shape, square with a central tower upheld on pillars, and lined all round with galleries, to allow the greatest number of people to be reached by the minister's words during the service. The church contains one of the country's finest collections of 17th- and early 18th-century woodwork and paintings. Substantial remains of the original parish church, built in the late 12th century, survive in a churchyard to the north of the old town. Burntisland developed as a seaport, being second only to Leith in the Firth of Forth, and shipbuilding became an important industry in the town. In 1633 one of the barges, the ''Blessing of Burntisland'', carrying Charles I and his entourage's baggage from Burntisland to Leith sank with the loss of Charles' treasure. In 1601, King James VI chose the town as an alternative site for the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. This was when a new translation of the Bible was first discussed, a project which James brought to fruition a decade later in the King James Bible.〔 Burntisland was held by the Jacobite army for over two months during the rising known as the Fifteen. The Jacobites first of all raided the port on 2 October 1715, capturing several hundred weapons, then occupied it on 9 October. They held it until it was recaptured by the Government on 19 December. Burntisland became an important port for the local herring and coal industries, and in 1847 the Edinburgh and Northern Railway opened from Burntisland north to Lindores and Cupar. By 1850 the world's first roll-on/roll-off rail ferry service was crossing the Firth of Forth between Burntisland and Granton, enabling goods wagons to travel between Edinburgh and Dundee without the need for unloading and re-loading at the ferries. (Passengers however had to disembark and use separate passenger ferries). This operated until 1890 when the Forth Bridge opened. In the late 19th century, the area experienced a short-lived boom in oil shale mining and processing at the Binnend Works. The Burntisland Shipbuilding Company at Burntisland West Dock was founded in 1918 as an emergency shipyard for the First World War, specialising in cargo ships. In 1929 the yard introduced the "Burntisland Economy" steamship, which was designed to maximise fuel economy.〔 The popularity of this design helped the yard to survive the Great Depression.〔 In the Second World War the yard continued to concentrate on merchant ships but also built three Loch class frigates: , and .〔 By 1961 the shipyard had 1,000 workers but in 1968 the company got into financial difficulties.〔 The shipyard closed in 1969 and was sold to Robb Caledon of Leith.〔 Robb Caledon eventually secured orders to for the yard to build modules for the North Sea oil and natural gas industry, and formed its Burntisland Engineering Fabricators (BEF) subsidiary to manage this work. Towards the end of the 1970s orders declined, in 1978 Robb Caledon was nationalised as part of British Shipbuilders and in 1979 Burntisland yard was closed. In 1990 under new owners Burntisland West Dock resumed the production of major offshore oil and gas fabrications. Industry related to North Sea oil remains important for the town. In 2001 a management buyout took over the yard as Burntisland Fabrications or BiFab.〔 BiFab describes itself as the only major fabricator continuing in production in Scotland since 2005.〔 A plant for the refining of alumina was opened early in the 20th century and closed in 2002. The town is also home to the eleventh-oldest golf club in the world, Burntisland Golf Club (The 'Old Club', as it is known among its members). Although it is not a course-owning club, its competitions are held over the local course now run by Burntisland Golf House Club. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Burntisland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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